Ethics in Technology Cyber Crimes

Table of Contents Citation of the case Facts Positions of parties The issues of the case Moral and ethical principles Ruling’s impacts on information technology Works Cited Citation of the case Ethics denote unwritten rules that people in a certain professional sector should follow. In the cyber space, many users have overlooked ethical values. This has culminated in cyber malpractices and vices. Some of the frequent cyberspace vices include hacking and bullying (Curtis 34). Owing to the increase in cyber crime, many federal authorities have stepped-up the battle against cyber criminals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethics in Technology: Cyber Crimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most successful litigation against a cyber criminal was United States v. Ivanov. The defendant alongside his accomplice was found guilty and served sentences in American correctional facilities. However, the litigation resulted in many legal experts raising queries about the application of the statutes on cyber malpractices. The victims of the cyber crime were American entities and federal authorities. The defendant accessed their databases illegally. This breached confidentially since most of the data entailed private information. Subsequently, the data should be accessed after obtaining clearance. Furthermore, the defendant altered the data, which compromised the integrity of the information to the detriment of the organizations involved. Facts In this litigation, Aleksey Vladimirovich Ivanov was the defendant while the American government was the plaintiff. The defendant faced various charges, which entailed breach and sabotage of American cyber infrastructure. The charges also included conspiracy and cyber fraud. Ivanov was accused to have in his possession devices that would enable him access various databases illegally. His transgressions were against the Online Information Bu reau (OIB) based in Connecticut. However, the defendant committed the crimes while in a foreign country Russia. Ivanov has accessed their database and altered the information stored. The information distorted by Ivanov’s pertained to credit transfers and the credit status of clients. The company later encountered numerous challenges when undertaking its core operations owing to the distortion of data. Law enforcement authorities had been tracking Ivanov for a lengthy duration. He has accessed several federal databases in his hacking sprees. Overtime, federal authorities had gathered evidence on the databases he had accessed. Federal authorities had challenges gathering proof that would lead back to him. This is a key challenge that authorities encounter when combating cyber crime (Gustin 136).Advertising Looking for case study on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positions of parties Since the defendant commi tted the crimes while in Russia, he pleaded that the American court system had no jurisdiction. This was a credible argument since the US constitution is not applicable in Russia. However, his plea based on jurisdiction was dismissed by the court. The court overruled the defendant’s motion on the basis that Ivanov’s actions would have repercussions in America, though they were committed on Russian soil. The relevant clauses in this litigation were applied in an extra-territorial manner. Consequently, the legal clauses disregarded the place from which the crime was committed. This case raised various concerns owing to the application of the law. For the first time, the American government was able to prosecute foreigners who had breached its law from foreign territories. This was a great win for the government since cyber crime had become a major concern for the government. Previously, criminals outside America breached various databases in America without fear of any l egal repercussions. Subsequently, they would alter data contained in such databases for their own purposes. The issues of the case The major concern in this case pertained to extra-territorial application of the legal statutes. In previous suits, most defendants were freed since the American constitution lacked jurisdiction in foreign countries. However, in United States v. Muench, the judge overruled that the American court system lacked jurisdiction on cyber crimes committed form outside the nation. Therefore, criminal who acted against American statutes while in other nations can also be tried by the American legal system. Gathering evidence against tech-savvy criminals was challenging owing to the nature of crimes (Curtis 215). Moral and ethical principles This case raised many moral and ethical concerns. First, accessing information illegally breached both moral and ethical principles. Hacking entails accessing information that one has no clearance to view. In United States v. Ivanov, the defendant accessed databases belonging to various institutions illegally. Most of the information contained in those databases was confidential. It is illegal to access such information.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethics in Technology: Cyber Crimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Breach of privacy is a disregard of ethical principles. In some nations, it also has legal implications. Privacy refers to a sense of autonomy, which is central to dignity and personality. People require solitude in their lives. Thus, it is imperative to guard this right. Intrusion of privacy has various repercussions on the victims since it may endanger their lives. Breach of privacy makes people vulnerable to impersonation and identity theft. These are serious crimes, which makes victims vulnerable to countless crimes. Impersonation has become a major concern since people’s private information is readily available in the internet. Charges against Ivanov specified that he committed a variety of financial crimes, which included extortion. To commit such crimes, he accessed databases in various organizations. Subsequently, he would alter the data stored. This enabled him to extort money from clients of various companies such as OIB. Accessing such databases allowed Ivanov to tamper with the integrity of the data. Tampering with the integrity of the data is a breach of ethics. Integrity is crucial in data management since it is utilized in decision making by various institutions, the government and individuals. Ethics denote desirable values that people should abide by. Hence, altering data for egocentric reasons breaches ethics. Data has become a vital resource whose integrity should be guarded (Gustin 189). Ruling’s impacts on information technology In the past, many cyber criminals have gone scot free despite committing serious crimes. However, in this suit, the defendant enco untered the full force of the legal statutes. Ivanov, the defendant was guilty of six crimes. The charges related to extortion, damaging of cyber infrastructure and fraud. The court convicted Ivanov and he served a jail sentence of three years. This ruling has contributed massively to the security of various databases. Foreign cyber criminals are more unwilling to vandalize American cyber infrastructure. Criminal outside America were previously immune from the American legal system.Advertising Looking for case study on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the judicial precedents set in United States v. Muench and United States v. Ivanov have made criminals that attempt to breach or attack the American cyber space from outside the nation also answerable to the American legal statutes. This law should be replicated in other countries. This would make securing the global cyber space a collective undertaking for all nations. This litigation acts a deterrent to many criminals globally. Nonetheless, it reveals the vulnerability of our cyber infrastructure. Companies and the government should coordinate efforts to secure the systems in companies and federal authorities. Fighting cyber crime will require constant research into applications that will guard against cyber criminals. Works Cited Curtis, George.The Law of Cybercrimes and Their Investigations. New York, NY: Taylor Francis, 2011. Print. Gustin, Joseph. Cyber Terrorism: A Guide for Facility Managers. Lilburn, GA: Fairmount, 2004. Print. This case study on Ethics in Technology: Cyber Crimes was written and submitted by user Mall0ry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Tarzan

Tarzan, a Man Among Beasts The Edgar Rice Burroughs novel Tarzan of the Apes was written in the year 1912 as a series in a magazine. The reviews were nowhere near as grand as the book’s two years later which labeled it an instant classic. The novel’s main themes touch on man’s survival and protection of the things that are closest to him as well as the identity of race and gender as symbols of power throughout the novel. And also of that man’s need to explore the wild frontier and that they are the most sophisticated thinkers, hunters, and species in the world. All of these themes are evident not only in the novel Tarzan of the Apes but also in the everyday lives of middle-class American men at the beginning of the twentieth century, as the nation was growing so were the ideologies of the supremacy of the white male. The first theme in the novel Tarzan of the Apes that will be examined is the idea that the male must support the weak and to protect the people that cannot protect themselves. This is evident throughout the novel as Tarzan protects everyone he loves to the furthest extent with no care for himself. His battles with neighboring tribes, huge lions, and other apes do nothing but reinforce his power and his protection to those that he holds dearest to himself. This helps to further explain the author Edgar Rice Burroughs view on modern life in the 1910’s and how white males should be protectors of their families and go to any extent to make sure that they are and always will be protected at all times under all conditions. The significance of these ideas is that to the reader, the reader being a white male American, is that he is not only the head of the household but also the protector of the weak and everyone in the family. Another point that was extremely evident throughout the reading of Tarzan of the Apes is that of survival of the fittest. In order to survive throughout the novel Tarzan is forced t... Free Essays on Tarzan Free Essays on Tarzan Tarzan, a Man Among Beasts The Edgar Rice Burroughs novel Tarzan of the Apes was written in the year 1912 as a series in a magazine. The reviews were nowhere near as grand as the book’s two years later which labeled it an instant classic. The novel’s main themes touch on man’s survival and protection of the things that are closest to him as well as the identity of race and gender as symbols of power throughout the novel. And also of that man’s need to explore the wild frontier and that they are the most sophisticated thinkers, hunters, and species in the world. All of these themes are evident not only in the novel Tarzan of the Apes but also in the everyday lives of middle-class American men at the beginning of the twentieth century, as the nation was growing so were the ideologies of the supremacy of the white male. The first theme in the novel Tarzan of the Apes that will be examined is the idea that the male must support the weak and to protect the people that cannot protect themselves. This is evident throughout the novel as Tarzan protects everyone he loves to the furthest extent with no care for himself. His battles with neighboring tribes, huge lions, and other apes do nothing but reinforce his power and his protection to those that he holds dearest to himself. This helps to further explain the author Edgar Rice Burroughs view on modern life in the 1910’s and how white males should be protectors of their families and go to any extent to make sure that they are and always will be protected at all times under all conditions. The significance of these ideas is that to the reader, the reader being a white male American, is that he is not only the head of the household but also the protector of the weak and everyone in the family. Another point that was extremely evident throughout the reading of Tarzan of the Apes is that of survival of the fittest. In order to survive throughout the novel Tarzan is forced t...

Paper 1 Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper 1 Biology - Essay Example 1. Components of physical examination The components of physical examination include inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation respectively. However, some physicians may choose a different sequence depending on the training. All these examinations focus on knowing more about the present condition of disease of the patient or even the most probable to occur. Inspection involves the search for signs while palpation involves the feeling for the signs. Percussion is the tapping for signs, mainly in the lung and gut examinations. Auscultation involves using the stethoscope to listen to the heart rate. Anciently, physicians listened directly through the ear. It is not mandatory that all systems will have signs but most will. Physical examination is the general examination of the human body performed by physicians. It covers most of the basic body systems, including the gut, system nerve system, lung system, and heart system. More examinations are not common but it depends on the patient’s clinical condition. Physical examination helps in confirming any persistent issues after a previous diagnosis. It also reveals persistent and hidden pathological entities. Physicians performing this examination always look for signs like the blood pressure, temperature, heart beat rate and respiratory rate. Performing physical examination incurs low costs because the only cost is, the labor cost (Memmlers, 2012). Many medical practitioners have recommended it as a screening test because it is non-invasive and significantly revealing. Doctors are important figures during this process because they make decision with regard to the patient’s clinical history. At times, physical examination requires extensive procedures involving the private body parts. In such situations, the patients must make consent. 2). Blood Pressure The measurement of blood pressure is a quick and painless process that provides the physicians with important information about the condition o f the heart and the body blood vessels. a). Doctors use the sphygmomanometer, also known as the blood pressure cuff, to measure the blood pressure. This instrument contains an inflatable cuff and a small pressure gauge attached to the cuff. The cuff wraps around the upper arm, but some wrap around the wrist or forearm. When taking the blood pressure, the doctor uses a stethoscope to the movement of blood through the arteries. The doctor will then inflate the cuff to a pressure that is higher than the patient’s systolic blood pressure. The first sound heard by the doctor through the stethoscope records as the systolic blood pressure. This occurs when the cuff’s pressure is in the process of reducing to reach stability. A second follows immediately the first whooshing one fades away (Memmlers, 2012). This is the diastolic blood pressure. The doctor measure with reference to the heart beat rate for the maximum pressure and the minimum pressure. b). Mr. Smith’s bloo d pressure was 160/100 The numerator (160) represents the systolic pressure, which is the maximum pressure of blood movement in the artery at that particular when the heart is working to supply blood throughout the body. The denominator represents (100) the diastolic pressure, which is the minimum pressure of blood movement in the artery in the moments between heartbeats and its resting state. c). The significant difference